Influence of chemotherapy on EGFR mutation status

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the world. Before the era of targeted therapy, platinum-based doublet chemotherapy was the first-line therapy of choice for patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It was during 2004 that tumor epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activating mutations were found to be responsible for the responsiveness of NSCLC to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment (1,2). The frequency of EGFR mutations in NSCLC has ranged from 5-30%, depending on the population studied (1-3). Lung cancer patients with tumor EGFR activating mutations have a more favorable prognosis than those without (1,4).

In current clinical practice, EGFR-TKI is the first-line treatment of choice for metastatic NSCLC patients with tumor EGFR mutation. Every effort should be exercised to ascertain the EGFR mutation status prior to initiating systemic treatment for advanced NSCLC patients (5). With regard to second-line TKIs following platinum-based chemotherapy, its tumor response rate was less than first-line TKIs in patients with EGFR mutations, suggesting difference in the predictive value of EGFR mutation between first- and second-line TKIs treatment (6-8). The change of EGFR mutation status during disease course may partially explain this difference. A recent study by Bai et al. revealed that first-line chemotherapy may significantly reduce both plasma and tumor EGFR mutation frequency in NSCLC patients. Among 264 patients with advanced NSCLC, plasma EGFR mutations were detected in 34.5% (91 of 264) of plasma samples collected before 2 cycles of platinum-based first line chemotherapy, but in only 23.1% (61 of 264) of plasma samples after treatment. Among 20.5% (54 of 264) of patients had changed EGFR mutation status from mutated type to wild type (9,10). Bai and colleagues also analyzed pre- and post-treatment tumor tissue specimens in 63 patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgical resection of tumor. Among 19% (12 of 63) of patients, EGFR mutation status changed from mutated type to wild type (9). Disappearance of activated EGFR mutation in malignant pleural effusion after treatment with chemotherapy and EGFR TKIs in a Japanese woman has also been reported by Honda et al. (11). More recently, a study by Wang et al. also revealed the influence of chemotherapy on EGFR status. They investigated the presence of EGFR exon 20 mutation in plasma samples from 273 patients with NSCLC after platinum-based combined chemotherapy, and the results showed 28.21% of exon 20 mutation. The data suggested that the chemotherapy may induce EGFR-TKI resistant mutation at EGFR exon 20 in NSCLC patients, but it is also possible that mutation can exist before treatment as de novo exon 20 mutation contributing to EGFR-TKI resistance (12-15). Therefore, first-line chemotherapy may have influence on status of EGFR mutations, and thus, EGFR mutation status collected from the initial specimens for diagnosis might be inadequate for predicting efficacy of EGFR-TKI treatment after first-line chemotherapy.

In clinical practice, it is often difficult to acquire tumor biopsy specimens for evaluating EGFR mutation status after chemotherapy in advanced NSCLC patients. Many investigators used plasma EGFR mutation obtained from peripheral blood samples to represent the post-chemotherapy EGFR mutation status. A study by Bai and colleagues (16) revealed high correlation between the mutations detected in blood samples and the corresponding tumor specimens among 230 NSCLC patients (PEGFR mutations were detected by EGFR mutation analysis derived from circulating free DNA. However, it has also been reported that inconsistency of EGFR mutation status between peripheral blood specimens and tumor biopsy specimens exists. Goto et al. analyzed EGFR mutation status by tumor tissue-derived DNA and circulating free DNA from blood samples of 233 Japanese patients in the IPASS (IRESSA Pan-Asia study) study. The results showed that EGFR mutation accessed by circulating free DNA yielded a high false negative rate (56.9%) (17). Although EGFR mutation analysis by using peripheral blood sample was relative non-invasive and practical method, its high false negative rate may lead to underestimation of tumor EGFR mutation rate. Thus, EGFR mutation status derived from blood samples could not completely represent EGFR mutation status in the tumor tissue.

In the study by Bai and colleagues (16), they also found that 7% (16 of 230) patients with EGFR mutations derived from plasma circulating free DNA had no detectable EGFR mutations in the matched primary tumors. It may be due to inadequate tumor sample size, insufficient sensitivity of EGFR mutation detecting method, or missing the EGFR mutation foci in the tumor during biopsy process. Therefore, EGFR mutation status derived from small tumor specimens may not completely represent the whole tumor genomics landscape.

In current clinical scenario, the EGFR mutation status was mostly determined by tumor tissue collected from the initial diagnostic biopsy. Although the general consensus is that the growth of cancer cells is clonal, there is more and more evidence for the existence of intratumoral heterogeneity. In the study by Bai and colleagues (9), EGFR mutation analysis in tumor foci microdissected from 79 NSCLC patients who had received palliative surgery was performed. The results revealed that approximately 38% (30 of 79) of tumors contained a mixture of EGFR mutated and wild-type foci. The proportion of EGFR-mutated cells was ranging from 7.69% to 90%. Similar results were also reported by Tomonaga et al. (18) and Taniguchi et al. (19). Intratumoral heterogeneity can lead to misinterpretation of the tumor EGFR mutation status from single tumor biopsy specimen and difficulty in making precise treatment decision (20). Tumor genetic heterogeneity is complex and often leads to failure of treatment, even in lung cancer patients with treatable activating driver oncogenes such as EGFR mutation (5).

In conclusion, the change of EGFR mutation status after chemotherapy was found by many investigators. Influence of chemotherapy on EGFR mutation status may be one of the explanations for this phenomenon. Intratumoral heterogeneity also plays an important role in diversity of tumor EGFR mutation status. Further investigations in this area will be necessary to elucidate the pathophysiologic mechanisms of chemotherapy-induced EGFR mutation change and develop better treatment strategy in order to provide the optimal therapy for each patient.

Acknowledgements

Disclosure: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

1. Paez JG, Jänne PA, Lee JC, et al. EGFR mutations in lung cancer: correlation with clinical response to gefitinib therapy. Science 2004;304:1497-500. [PubMed]
2. Lynch TJ, Bell DW, Sordella R, et al. Activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor underlying responsiveness of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2129-39. [PubMed]
3. Inoue A, Suzuki T, Fukuhara T, et al. Prospective phase II study of gefitinib for chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer with epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutations. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:3340-6. [PubMed]
4. Mak RH, Doran E, Muzikansky A, et al. Outcomes after combined modality therapy for EGFR-mutant and wild-type locally advanced NSCLC. Oncologist 2011;16:886-95. [PubMed]
5. Chen YM. Update of epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Chin Med Assoc 2013;76:249-57. [PubMed]
6. Shepherd FA, Rodrigues Pereira J, Ciuleanu T, et al. Erlotinib in previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2005;353:123-32. [PubMed]
7. Thatcher N, Chang A, Parikh P, et al. Gefitinib plus best supportive care in previously treated patients with refractory advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: results from a randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre study (Iressa Survival Evaluation in Lung Cancer). Lancet 2005;366:1527-37. [PubMed]
8. Kim ES, Stewart DJ, Khorana AA. Can EGFR mutation status evolve with chemotherapy ? Chin Clin Oncol 2013;2:1.
9. Bai H, Wang Z, Chen K, et al. Influence of chemotherapy on EGFR mutation status among patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:3077-83. [PubMed]
10. Noro R, Yamada T.. Drifting EGFR mutation. Chin Clin Oncol 2013;2:3.
11. Honda Y, Takigawa N, Fushimi S, et al. Disappearance of an activated EGFR mutation after treatment with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Lung Cancer 2012;78:121-4. [PubMed]
12. Wang Y, Bao W, Shi H, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor exon 20 mutation increased in post-chemotherapy patients with non-small cell lung cancer detected with patients’ blood samples. Transl Oncol 2013;6:504-10. [PubMed]
13. Maheswaran S, Sequist LV, Nagrath S, et al. Detection of mutations in EGFR in circulating lung-cancer cells. N Engl J Med 2008;359:366-77. [PubMed]
14. Inukai M, Toyooka S, Ito S, et al. Presence of epidermal growth factor receptor gene T790M mutation as a minor clone in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 2006;66:7854-8. [PubMed]
15. Oxnard GR, Arcila ME, Sima CS, et al. Acquired resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in EGFR-mutant lung cancer: distinct natural history of patients with tumors harboring the T790M mutation. Clin Cancer Res 2011;17:1616-22. [PubMed]
16. Bai H, Mao L, Wang HS, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in plasma DNA samples predict tumor response in Chinese patients with stages IIIB to IV non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:2653-9. [PubMed]
17. Goto K, Ichinose Y, Ohe Y, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor mutation status in circulating free DNA in serum: from IPASS, a phase III study of gefitinib or carboplatin/paclitaxel in non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2012;7:115-21. [PubMed]
18. Tomonaga N, Nakamura Y, Yamaguchi H, et al. Analysis of Intratumor Heterogeneity of EGFR Mutations in Mixed Type Lung Adenocarcinoma. Clin Lung Cancer 2013;14:521-6. [PubMed]
19. Taniguchi K, Okami J, Kodama K, et al. Intratumor heterogeneity of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in lung cancer and its correlation to the response to gefitinib. Cancer Sci 2008;99:929-35. [PubMed]
20. Gandara DR, Li T, Lara PN Jr, et al. Algorithm for codevelopment of new drug-predictive biomarker combinations: accounting for inter- and intrapatient tumor heterogeneity. Clin Lung Cancer 2012;13:321-5. [PubMed]